MediumCVE-2026-31451

    Linux Kernel: Memory Leak (CVE-2026-31451)

    Published Last modified Sources: Debian, Siemens ProductCERT, Ubuntu, Debian LTS, BSI, EUVD, CVE.org, Msrc Update Guide

    What is affected, what to do

    In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ext4: replace BUG_ON with proper error handling in ext4_read_inline_folio Replace BUG_ON() with proper error handling when inline data size exceeds PAGE_SIZE. This prevents kernel panic and allows the system to continue running while properly reporting the filesystem corruption.

    Update Linux Kernel to version 5.10.260, Linux Kernel to version 5.15.211, Linux Kernel to version 6.1.177.

    Affected
    • Linux Kernel lt 3.8..5.10.260
    • Linux Kernel lt 5.11..5.15.211
    • Linux Kernel lt 5.16..6.1.177
    • Linux Kernel lt 6.2..6.6.131
    • Linux Kernel lt 6.7..6.12.80
    • Linux Kernel lt 6.13..6.18.21
    • Linux Kernel lt 6.19..6.19.11
    • Linux Kernel lt 6.20..7.0
    Fixed in
    • Linux Kernel 5.10.260
    • Linux Kernel 5.15.211
    • Linux Kernel 6.1.177
    • Linux Kernel 6.6.131
    • Linux Kernel 6.12.80
    • Linux Kernel 6.18.21
    • Linux Kernel 6.19.11
    • Linux Kernel 7.0

    Not sure whether and how you are affected? Ask a question about this vulnerability

    Metrics

    5.5

    Priority

    XIEM Effective CVSS: highest available CVSS rating from NVD and vendor data.

    Source: NVD, CVSS v3

    5.5

    CVSS v3

    Severity Medium on the scale from 0 to 10.

    Source: Debian, Siemens ProductCERT, Ubuntu, Debian LTS, BSI, EUVD, CVE.org, Msrc Update Guide

    0.1 %

    EPSS score

    Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.

    Source: FIRST EPSS, percentile 2.5

    Show all metrics
    Severity
    Medium
    Priority (0–325)

    The priority score is a consolidated metric that condenses several individual signals into a single, action-guiding ranking: technical severity (CVSS), exploitation likelihood (EPSS), known-exploited status (KEV) and the context of the affected asset. The aim is to answer the only truly important question in vulnerability management: what first?

    Read in glossary
    44.08 Methodology
    Exploit maturity

    An exploit is code or a technique that specifically uses a concrete vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — such as executing code or escalating privileges. It is the tool that turns a theoretical flaw into a practical attack.

    Read in glossary
    no public PoC known
    XIEM Effective CVSS

    XIEM® is the tiered managed-security operating model from NEOSEC and a registered trademark of NEOSEC GmbH. It extends classic SIEM — the central collection, normalisation and correlation of security-relevant events — with endpoint forensics, network visibility and deception technology, and consolidates them into three building tiers: Sentry, Orchestrate and Command.

    Read in glossary
    5.5 Methodology
    CVSS v3

    CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.

    Read in glossary
    5.5
    EPSS score

    The EPSS score is the absolute model output for an individual vulnerability: the estimated probability of real-world exploitation within the next 30 days, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (i.e. 0 % to 100 %). A score of 0.42 means „the model estimates a 42 % chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days“.

    Read in glossary
    0.1 %
    Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.
    EPSS percentile

    The EPSS percentile is the relative position of a vulnerability within all EPSS-scored CVEs, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A percentile of 0.90 means „this CVE has a higher EPSS score than 90 % of all other scored CVEs“. Unlike the EPSS score, it is not a probability — but a positioning within a ranking.

    Read in glossary
    2.5
    Low — this CVE sits in the lower 10% of all CVEs scored today.
    KEV status

    The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.

    Read in glossary
    —
    Published

    Detection rules

    No NEOSEC detection rule is available for this vulnerability yet.

    Classification under NIS2 and CRA

    Rule-based classification from exploitation status and severity. It does not replace a case-by-case assessment.

    NIS2

    NIS2 is EU Directive (EU) 2022/2555 to raise the level of cybersecurity across the Union. It substantially broadens obligations compared with the first NIS directive: more sectors, mandatory risk management, staged reporting duties and personal accountability of senior management.

    Read in glossary
    Handle the vulnerability in regular vulnerability handling under Art. 21(2)(e) NIS2.
    CRA

    The CRA is EU Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 setting horizontal cybersecurity requirements for „products with digital elements“ — from industrial controllers and software to connected consumer devices. For the first time manufacturers must ensure security across the entire product lifecycle, handle vulnerabilities and provide security updates.

    Read in glossary
    From 11.12.2027, Annex I Part II CRA requires manufacturers of affected products with digital elements to handle vulnerabilities without delay and provide security updates.
    ISO/IEC 27001

    ISO/IEC 27001 is the internationally leading standard for an information security management system (ISMS). It describes a risk-based, process-oriented framework to systematically plan, implement, review and improve information security.

    Read in glossary
    Control A.8.8, management of technical vulnerabilities: assess relevance to your systems, plan remediation and keep evidence.

    Description

    In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ext4: replace BUG_ON with proper error handling in ext4_read_inline_folio Replace BUG_ON() with proper error handling when inline data size exceeds PAGE_SIZE. This prevents kernel panic and allows the system to continue running while properly reporting the filesystem corruption. The error is logged via ext4_error_inode(), the buffer head is released to prevent memory leak, and -EFSCORRUPTED is returned to indicate filesystem corruption.

    Source: Debian Security Advisories, siemens_advisory, Ubuntu Security Notices, Debian LTS Advisories, BSI WID Portal, BSI CSAF, ENISA EUVD, NVD (NIST), CVE.org (MITRE), cvelistv5, Microsoft Security Update Guide

    Affected products

    The following versions are affected. Older releases of the same product line are also vulnerable unless stated otherwise.

    Affected products
    Affected versionsFixed in
    LinuxLinux
    • 5.16 – < 6.1.177
    • 5.11 – < 5.15.211
    • 6.2 – < 6.6.131
    • 3.8 – < 5.10.260
    • 6.7 – < 6.12.80
    • 6.19 – < 6.19.11
    • 6.13 – < 6.18.21
    • 6.20 – < 7.0
    • 6.1.177
    • 5.15.211
    • 6.6.131
    • 5.10.260
    • 6.12.80
    • 6.19.11
    • 6.18.21
    • 7.0
    SiemensSIMATIC S7
    • 1500 TM MFP V1.1.1 GNU/Linux subsystem
    • —

    Vendors and products

    Affected operating systems

    Affected operating systems
    Linuxdebianlinuxbookworm
    Linuxdebianlinuxbullseye
    Linuxdebianlinuxtrixie
    Linuxdebianlinux-6.1bullseye
    Linuxubuntulinux-gcp-5.15focal
    Linuxlinuxlinux_kernel7.0
    Linuxlinuxlinux_kernel—

    References & sources

    Changes to this CVE

    Who changed this CVE and when: NVD (analysis, affected products, CVSS), the CVE publisher (CNA) and additional providers such as CISA (ADP).

    1. Record modifiedLinux

      Show 21 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3462a3f0716d27af51896dc8688bcf0628fb17ee
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/356227096eb66e41b23caf7045e6304877322edf
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/636e8d85a36ab6c31aafd04ee66a69b18eebee7b
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/65c6c30ce6362c1c684568744ea510c921a756cd
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/823849a26af089ffc5dfdd2ae4b9d446b46a0cda
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a7d600e04732a7d29b107c91fe3aec64cf6ce7f2
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/af25a6affeac4919e8d8c5cccc01a9d53478447e
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d4b3f370c3d8f7ce565d4a718572c9f7c12f77ed
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3462a3f0716d27af51896dc8688bcf0628fb17ee
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/356227096eb66e41b23caf7045e6304877322edf
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/636e8d85a36ab6c31aafd04ee66a69b18eebee7b
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/65c6c30ce6362c1c684568744ea510c921a756cd
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/823849a26af089ffc5dfdd2ae4b9d446b46a0cda
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a7d600e04732a7d29b107c91fe3aec64cf6ce7f2
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/af25a6affeac4919e8d8c5cccc01a9d53478447e
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d4b3f370c3d8f7ce565d4a718572c9f7c12f77ed
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/356227096eb66e41b23caf7045e6304877322edf Types: Patch
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/65c6c30ce6362c1c684568744ea510c921a756cd Types: Patch
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/823849a26af089ffc5dfdd2ae4b9d446b46a0cda Types: Patch
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a7d600e04732a7d29b107c91fe3aec64cf6ce7f2 Types: Patch
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d4b3f370c3d8f7ce565d4a718572c9f7c12f77ed Types: Patch
      —

      Source identifier: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67

    2. Record modifiedSiemens ADP

      Show 2 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)added
      —
      New affected value received. <a href="https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/blob/main/cves/2026/31xxx/CVE-2026-31451.json">CVE-2026-31451</a>
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-784472.html

      Source identifier: 0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e

    3. Record modifiedLinux

      Show 4 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3462a3f0716d27af51896dc8688bcf0628fb17ee
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/636e8d85a36ab6c31aafd04ee66a69b18eebee7b
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/af25a6affeac4919e8d8c5cccc01a9d53478447e
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Linux, Linux
      Linux, Linux

      Source identifier: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67

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