Authenticated Command Injection Vulnerability in Surfshark VPN Login in multiple Archer products (CVE-2026-0631)
Published Last modified Sources: CVE.org
What is affected, what to do
An OS Command Injection vulnerability exists in the Surfshark VPN login functionality in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2, BE3600v1, AX10 v3 and AXE75 v1, allowing an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability.
Update TP-Link Archer BE230 Firmware to version 1.2.4.
- Affected
- TP-Link Archer BE230 Firmware
lt *..1.2.4
- TP-Link Archer BE230 Firmware
- Fixed in
- TP-Link Archer BE230 Firmware
1.2.4
- TP-Link Archer BE230 Firmware
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Metrics
8.5
Priority
XIEM Effective CVSS: highest available CVSS rating from NVD and vendor data.
Source: NVD, CVSS v4
8.0
CVSS v3
Severity High on the scale from 0 to 10.
Source: CVE.org
1.6 %
EPSS score
Moderate — model estimates 1-10% exploitation likelihood.
Source: FIRST EPSS, percentile 76.1
Show all metrics
- Severity
- High
Priority (0–325)
The priority score is a consolidated metric that condenses several individual signals into a single, action-guiding ranking: technical severity (CVSS), exploitation likelihood (EPSS), known-exploited status (KEV) and the context of the affected asset. The aim is to answer the only truly important question in vulnerability management: what first?
Read in glossary- 102.72 Methodology
Exploit maturity
An exploit is code or a technique that specifically uses a concrete vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — such as executing code or escalating privileges. It is the tool that turns a theoretical flaw into a practical attack.
Read in glossary- no public PoC known
XIEM Effective CVSS
XIEM® is the tiered managed-security operating model from NEOSEC and a registered trademark of NEOSEC GmbH. It extends classic SIEM — the central collection, normalisation and correlation of security-relevant events — with endpoint forensics, network visibility and deception technology, and consolidates them into three building tiers: Sentry, Orchestrate and Command.
Read in glossary- 8.5 Methodology
CVSS v3
CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.
Read in glossary- 8.0
CVSS v4
CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.
Read in glossary- 8.5
EPSS score
The EPSS score is the absolute model output for an individual vulnerability: the estimated probability of real-world exploitation within the next 30 days, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (i.e. 0 % to 100 %). A score of 0.42 means „the model estimates a 42 % chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days“.
Read in glossary- 1.6 %
- Moderate — model estimates 1-10% exploitation likelihood.
EPSS percentile
The EPSS percentile is the relative position of a vulnerability within all EPSS-scored CVEs, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A percentile of 0.90 means „this CVE has a higher EPSS score than 90 % of all other scored CVEs“. Unlike the EPSS score, it is not a probability — but a positioning within a ranking.
Read in glossary- 76.1
- High — this CVE ranks above the median of all CVEs scored today (rank ≥ 36%).
KEV status
The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.
Read in glossary- —
- Published
- CISA assessment (SSVC)
- Exploitation: none known · not automatable · Technical impact: total
- Source: CISA Vulnrichment, as of 3 February 2026
CWE
CWE is a catalogue of typical weakness types in software and hardware — such as flawed input validation, unsafe memory handling or poor authentication. Where a CVE names a concrete vulnerability in a concrete product, a CWE describes the underlying class of defect.
Read in glossary- CWE-78
Detection rules
No NEOSEC detection rule is available for this vulnerability yet.
Classification under NIS2 and CRA
Rule-based classification from exploitation status and severity. It does not replace a case-by-case assessment.
NIS2
NIS2 is EU Directive (EU) 2022/2555 to raise the level of cybersecurity across the Union. It substantially broadens obligations compared with the first NIS directive: more sectors, mandatory risk management, staged reporting duties and personal accountability of senior management.
Read in glossary- High technical severity: assess and remediate the vulnerability in vulnerability handling under Art. 21(2)(e) NIS2 and document the decision.
CRA
The CRA is EU Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 setting horizontal cybersecurity requirements for „products with digital elements“ — from industrial controllers and software to connected consumer devices. For the first time manufacturers must ensure security across the entire product lifecycle, handle vulnerabilities and provide security updates.
Read in glossary- From 11.12.2027, Annex I Part II CRA requires manufacturers of affected products with digital elements to handle vulnerabilities without delay and provide security updates.
ISO/IEC 27001
ISO/IEC 27001 is the internationally leading standard for an information security management system (ISMS). It describes a risk-based, process-oriented framework to systematically plan, implement, review and improve information security.
Read in glossary- Control A.8.8, management of technical vulnerabilities: assess relevance to your systems, plan remediation and keep evidence.
Description
An OS Command Injection vulnerability exists in the Surfshark VPN login functionality in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2, BE3600v1, AX10 v3 and AXE75 v1, allowing an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability. This CVE covers one of multiple distinct OS command injection issues identified across separate code paths. Although similar in nature, each instance is tracked under a unique CVE ID. This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420 and Archer AXE75 v1 < 1.5.6 Build 20260623.
Source: cvelistv5, NVD (NIST)
Affected products
The following versions are affected. Older releases of the same product line are also vulnerable unless stated otherwise.
| Affected versions | Fixed in | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| TP Link Systems Inc. | Archer AX10 v3 |
|
|
| TP Link Systems Inc. | Archer BE3600 v1 |
|
|
| TP-Link Systems Inc. | Archer AXE75 v1 |
|
|
| TP-Link Systems Inc. | Archer BE230 v1.2 |
|
|
Vendors and products
Affected operating systems
| Other | tp-link | archer_be230_firmware | — |
Weakness classes (CWE)
CWE-78Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Base
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.
Entry at MITRE CWE-78
References & sources
- tp-link.comus/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20Patch, Product
- tp-link.comen/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20Patch, Product
- tp-link.comsg/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20Patch, Product
- tp-link.comus/support/faq/4935Vendor advisory, Patch, Vendor advisory
- tp-link.comen/support/download/archer-axe75/v1Patch
- tp-link.comus/support/download/archer-axe75/v1Patch
- tp-link.comkr/support/download/archer-be3600/v1Patch
- tp-link.comen/support/download/archer-be3600/v1Patch
- tp-link.comus/support/download/archer-be3600/v1.26Patch
- tp-link.comen/support/download/archer-ax10/v3Patch
- tp-link.comus/support/download/archer-ax10/v3Patch
Changes to this CVE
Who changed this CVE and when: NVD (analysis, affected products, CVSS), the CVE publisher (CNA) and additional providers such as CISA (ADP).
Record modifiedTP-Link
Description added or changed
Show 4 original changes
Individual changes of this event as published by NVD Type Action Before After Description changed An OS Command Injection vulnerability exists in the Surfshark VPN login functionality in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2, BE3600v1 and AXE75 v1, allowing an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability. This CVE covers one of multiple distinct OS command injection issues identified across separate code paths. Although similar in nature, each instance is tracked under a unique CVE ID. This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420 and Archer AXE75 v1 < 1.5.6 Build 20260623.An OS Command Injection vulnerability exists in the Surfshark VPN login functionality in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2, BE3600v1, AX10 v3 and AXE75 v1, allowing an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability. This CVE covers one of multiple distinct OS command injection issues identified across separate code paths. Although similar in nature, each instance is tracked under a unique CVE ID. This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420 and Archer AXE75 v1 < 1.5.6 Build 20260623.Affected versions (publisher) added —Affected value modified. <a href="https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/blob/main/cves/2026/0xxx/CVE-2026-0631.json">CVE-2026-0631</a>Reference added —https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-ax10/v3/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/archer-ax10/v3/#FirmwareSource identifier: f23511db-6c3e-4e32-a477-6aa17d310630
Record modifiedTP-Link
Description added or changed
Show the original change
Individual changes of this event as published by NVD Type Action Before After Description changed An OS Command Injection vulnerability in OpenVPN modules in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2, BE3600v1 and AXE75 v1 allows an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability. This CVE covers one of multiple distinct OS command injection issues identified across separate code paths. Although similar in nature, each instance is tracked under a unique CVE ID. This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420 and Archer AXE75 v1 < 1.5.6 Build 20260623.An OS Command Injection vulnerability exists in the Surfshark VPN login functionality in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2, BE3600v1 and AXE75 v1, allowing an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability. This CVE covers one of multiple distinct OS command injection issues identified across separate code paths. Although similar in nature, each instance is tracked under a unique CVE ID. This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420 and Archer AXE75 v1 < 1.5.6 Build 20260623.Source identifier: f23511db-6c3e-4e32-a477-6aa17d310630
Record modifiedTP-Link
Description added or changed
New references:- https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-axe75/v1/#Firmware
- https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#Firmware
- https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-be3600/v1/#Firmware
- https://www.tp-link.com/kr/support/download/archer-be3600/v1/#Firmware
and 5 more references
Show 21 original changes
Individual changes of this event as published by NVD Type Action Before After Description changed An OS Command Injection vulnerability in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2(vpn modules) and OpenVPN of AXE75 v1 allows an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability. This CVE covers one of multiple distinct OS command injection issues identified across separate code paths. Although similar in nature, each instance is tracked under a unique CVE ID. This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420 and Archer AXE75 v1 < 1.5.6 Build 20260623.An OS Command Injection vulnerability in OpenVPN modules in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2, BE3600v1 and AXE75 v1 allows an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability. This CVE covers one of multiple distinct OS command injection issues identified across separate code paths. Although similar in nature, each instance is tracked under a unique CVE ID. This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420 and Archer AXE75 v1 < 1.5.6 Build 20260623.Affected versions (publisher) added —Affected value modified. <a href="https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/blob/main/cves/2026/0xxx/CVE-2026-0631.json">CVE-2026-0631</a>Reference added —https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-axe75/v1/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-be3600/v1/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/kr/support/download/archer-be3600/v1/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/sg/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/archer-axe75/v1/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/archer-be3600/v1.26/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/faq/4935/Reference removed https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-axe75/v1/#Firmware—Reference removed https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#Firmware—Reference removed https://www.tp-link.com/sg/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#Firmware—Reference removed https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/archer-axe75/v1/#Firmware—Reference removed https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#Firmware—Reference removed https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/faq/4935/—Reference type removed https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#Firmware Types: Product—Reference type removed https://www.tp-link.com/sg/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#Firmware Types: Product—Reference type removed https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/archer-be230/v1.20/#Firmware Types: Product—Reference type removed https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/faq/4935/ Types: Patch, Vendor Advisory—Source identifier: f23511db-6c3e-4e32-a477-6aa17d310630
Record modifiedTP-Link
Description added or changed
Show 4 original changes
Individual changes of this event as published by NVD Type Action Before After Affected versions (publisher) changed Archer BE230 v1.2Archer BE230 v1.2, Archer AXE75 v1Description changed An OS Command Injection vulnerability in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2(vpn modules) allows an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability. This CVE covers one of multiple distinct OS command injection issues identified across separate code paths. Although similar in nature, each instance is tracked under a unique CVE ID.This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420.An OS Command Injection vulnerability in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2(vpn modules) and OpenVPN of AXE75 v1 allows an adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to gain full administrative control of the device, resulting in severe compromise of configuration integrity, network security, and service availability. This CVE covers one of multiple distinct OS command injection issues identified across separate code paths. Although similar in nature, each instance is tracked under a unique CVE ID. This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420 and Archer AXE75 v1 < 1.5.6 Build 20260623.Reference added —https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/archer-axe75/v1/#FirmwareReference added —https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/archer-axe75/v1/#FirmwareSource identifier: f23511db-6c3e-4e32-a477-6aa17d310630
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<a href="https://intel.neosec.eu/en/cve/CVE-2026-0631"><img src="https://intel.neosec.eu/badge/cve/CVE-2026-0631.svg?lang=en" alt="CVE-2026-0631 – NEOSEC Intel" height="20"></a>