MediumCVE-2025-8591

    Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via URL Parameter in Multiple WSO2 Products Enables UI Modification (CVE-2025-8591)

    Published Last modified Sources: CVE.org

    What is affected, what to do

    The software accepts user-supplied input via a URL parameter without adequate output encoding before reflecting it back to the user's browser. This condition allows an attacker to inject malicious script content into pages served by the application.

    Update WSO2 Identity Server to version 5.10.0.381, WSO2 Identity Server to version 5.10.0.384, WSO2 Identity Server to version 6.0.0.255.

    Affected
    • WSO2 Identity Server lt 5.10.0..5.10.0.381
    • WSO2 Identity Server lt 5.10.0..5.10.0.384
    • WSO2 Identity Server lt 6.0.0..6.0.0.255
    • WSO2 Identity Server lt 7.0.0..7.0.0.131
    • WSO2 Identity Server lt 7.1.0..7.1.0.21
    • WSO2 Identity Server lt 7.1.0..7.1.0.51
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 3.1.0..3.1.0.355
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 3.2.0..3.2.0.459
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 3.2.1..3.2.1.78
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 4.0.0..4.0.0.380
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 4.1.0..4.1.0.243
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 4.2.0..4.2.0.183
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 4.3.0..4.3.0.94
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 4.4.0..4.4.0.58
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 4.5.0..4.5.0.43
    • WSO2 API Manager lt 4.6.0..4.6.0.7
    • WSO2 API Control Plane lt 4.5.0..4.5.0.44
    • WSO2 API Control Plane lt 4.6.0..4.6.0.8
    • WSO2 Traffic Manager lt 4.5.0..4.5.0.42
    • WSO2 Traffic Manager lt 4.6.0..4.6.0.7
    • WSO2 Universal Gateway lt 4.5.0..4.5.0.42
    • WSO2 Universal Gateway lt 4.6.0..4.6.0.7
    • WSO2 Open Banking AM lt 2.0.0..2.0.0.404
    • WSO2 Identity Server as Key Manager lt 5.10.0..5.10.0.375
    • WSO2 Open Banking IAM lt 2.0.0..2.0.0.424
    Fixed in
    • WSO2 Identity Server 5.10.0.381
    • WSO2 Identity Server 5.10.0.384
    • WSO2 Identity Server 6.0.0.255
    • WSO2 Identity Server 7.0.0.131
    • WSO2 Identity Server 7.1.0.21
    • WSO2 Identity Server 7.1.0.51
    • WSO2 API Manager 3.1.0.355
    • WSO2 API Manager 3.2.0.459
    • WSO2 API Manager 3.2.1.78
    • WSO2 API Manager 4.0.0.380
    • WSO2 API Manager 4.1.0.243
    • WSO2 API Manager 4.2.0.183
    • WSO2 API Manager 4.3.0.94
    • WSO2 API Manager 4.4.0.58
    • WSO2 API Manager 4.5.0.43
    • WSO2 API Manager 4.6.0.7
    • WSO2 API Control Plane 4.5.0.44
    • WSO2 API Control Plane 4.6.0.8
    • WSO2 Traffic Manager 4.5.0.42
    • WSO2 Traffic Manager 4.6.0.7
    • WSO2 Universal Gateway 4.5.0.42
    • WSO2 Universal Gateway 4.6.0.7
    • WSO2 Open Banking AM 2.0.0.404
    • WSO2 Identity Server as Key Manager 5.10.0.375
    • WSO2 Open Banking IAM 2.0.0.424

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    Metrics

    6.1

    Priority

    XIEM Effective CVSS: highest available CVSS rating from NVD and vendor data.

    Source: NVD, CVSS v3

    6.1

    CVSS v3

    Severity Medium on the scale from 0 to 10.

    Source: CVE.org

    0.3 %

    EPSS score

    Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.

    Source: FIRST EPSS, percentile 16.8

    Show all metrics
    Severity
    Medium
    Priority (0–325)

    The priority score is a consolidated metric that condenses several individual signals into a single, action-guiding ranking: technical severity (CVSS), exploitation likelihood (EPSS), known-exploited status (KEV) and the context of the affected asset. The aim is to answer the only truly important question in vulnerability management: what first?

    Read in glossary
    52.89 Methodology
    Exploit maturity

    An exploit is code or a technique that specifically uses a concrete vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — such as executing code or escalating privileges. It is the tool that turns a theoretical flaw into a practical attack.

    Read in glossary
    no public PoC known
    XIEM Effective CVSS

    XIEM® is the tiered managed-security operating model from NEOSEC and a registered trademark of NEOSEC GmbH. It extends classic SIEM — the central collection, normalisation and correlation of security-relevant events — with endpoint forensics, network visibility and deception technology, and consolidates them into three building tiers: Sentry, Orchestrate and Command.

    Read in glossary
    6.1 Methodology
    CVSS v3

    CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.

    Read in glossary
    6.1
    EPSS score

    The EPSS score is the absolute model output for an individual vulnerability: the estimated probability of real-world exploitation within the next 30 days, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (i.e. 0 % to 100 %). A score of 0.42 means „the model estimates a 42 % chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days“.

    Read in glossary
    0.3 %
    Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.
    EPSS percentile

    The EPSS percentile is the relative position of a vulnerability within all EPSS-scored CVEs, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A percentile of 0.90 means „this CVE has a higher EPSS score than 90 % of all other scored CVEs“. Unlike the EPSS score, it is not a probability — but a positioning within a ranking.

    Read in glossary
    16.8
    Elevated — this CVE ranks above at least 10% of all CVEs scored today.
    KEV status

    The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.

    Read in glossary
    —
    Published
    CISA assessment (SSVC)
    Exploitation: none known · not automatable · Technical impact: partial
    Source: CISA Vulnrichment, as of 6 July 2026
    CWE

    CWE is a catalogue of typical weakness types in software and hardware — such as flawed input validation, unsafe memory handling or poor authentication. Where a CVE names a concrete vulnerability in a concrete product, a CWE describes the underlying class of defect.

    Read in glossary
    CWE-79

    Detection rules

    No NEOSEC detection rule is available for this vulnerability yet.

    Classification under NIS2 and CRA

    Rule-based classification from exploitation status and severity. It does not replace a case-by-case assessment.

    NIS2

    NIS2 is EU Directive (EU) 2022/2555 to raise the level of cybersecurity across the Union. It substantially broadens obligations compared with the first NIS directive: more sectors, mandatory risk management, staged reporting duties and personal accountability of senior management.

    Read in glossary
    Handle the vulnerability in regular vulnerability handling under Art. 21(2)(e) NIS2.
    CRA

    The CRA is EU Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 setting horizontal cybersecurity requirements for „products with digital elements“ — from industrial controllers and software to connected consumer devices. For the first time manufacturers must ensure security across the entire product lifecycle, handle vulnerabilities and provide security updates.

    Read in glossary
    From 11.12.2027, Annex I Part II CRA requires manufacturers of affected products with digital elements to handle vulnerabilities without delay and provide security updates.
    ISO/IEC 27001

    ISO/IEC 27001 is the internationally leading standard for an information security management system (ISMS). It describes a risk-based, process-oriented framework to systematically plan, implement, review and improve information security.

    Read in glossary
    Control A.8.8, management of technical vulnerabilities: assess relevance to your systems, plan remediation and keep evidence.

    Description

    The software accepts user-supplied input via a URL parameter without adequate output encoding before reflecting it back to the user's browser. This condition allows an attacker to inject malicious script content into pages served by the application. By leveraging this weakness, an attacker can cause the user's browser to redirect to a malicious website, modify the UI of the webpage, or retrieve information from the browser. However, the impact is mitigated by the use of httpOnly flags on session-related cookies, preventing session hijacking.

    Source: NVD (NIST), cvelistv5

    Affected products

    The following versions are affected. Older releases of the same product line are also vulnerable unless stated otherwise.

    Affected products
    Affected versionsFixed in
    WSO2WSO2 API Control Plane
    • 4.5.0 – < 4.5.0.44
    • 4.6.0 – < 4.6.0.8
    • 4.5.0.44
    • 4.6.0.8
    WSO2WSO2 API Manager
    • 3.2.1 – < 3.2.1.78
    • 3.1.0 – < 3.1.0.355
    • 4.3.0 – < 4.3.0.94
    • 4.1.0 – < 4.1.0.243
    • 4.2.0 – < 4.2.0.183
    • 4.4.0 – < 4.4.0.58
    • 3.2.0 – < 3.2.0.459
    • 4.6.0 – < 4.6.0.7
    • 4.0.0 – < 4.0.0.380
    • 4.5.0 – < 4.5.0.43
    • 3.2.1.78
    • 3.1.0.355
    • 4.3.0.94
    • 4.1.0.243
    • 4.2.0.183
    • 4.4.0.58
    • 3.2.0.459
    • 4.6.0.7
    • 4.0.0.380
    • 4.5.0.43
    WSO2WSO2 Identity Server
    • 5.10.0 – < 5.10.0.381
    • 7.0.0 – < 7.0.0.131
    • 5.10.0 – < 5.10.0.384
    • 7.1.0 – < 7.1.0.21
    • 7.1.0 – < 7.1.0.51
    • 6.0.0 – < 6.0.0.255
    • 5.10.0.381
    • 7.0.0.131
    • 5.10.0.384
    • 7.1.0.21
    • 7.1.0.51
    • 6.0.0.255
    WSO2WSO2 Identity Server as Key Manager
    • 5.10.0 – < 5.10.0.375
    • 5.10.0.375
    WSO2WSO2 Open Banking AM
    • 2.0.0 – < 2.0.0.404
    • 2.0.0.404
    WSO2WSO2 Open Banking IAM
    • 2.0.0 – < 2.0.0.424
    • 2.0.0.424
    WSO2WSO2 Traffic Manager
    • 4.6.0 – < 4.6.0.7
    • 4.5.0 – < 4.5.0.42
    • 4.6.0.7
    • 4.5.0.42
    WSO2WSO2 Universal Gateway
    • 4.6.0 – < 4.6.0.7
    • 4.5.0 – < 4.5.0.42
    • 4.6.0.7
    • 4.5.0.42
    wso2api_control_plane
    • 4.5.0 – < 4.5.0.44
    • 4.6.0 – < 4.6.0.8
    • 4.5.0.44
    • 4.6.0.8
    wso2api_manager
    • 4.2.0 – < 4.2.0.183
    • 3.1.0 – < 3.1.0.355
    • 4.5.0 – < 4.5.0.43
    • 4.6.0 – < 4.6.0.7
    • 3.2.1 – < 3.2.1.78
    • 3.2.0 – < 3.2.0.459
    • 4.3.0 – < 4.3.0.94
    • 4.0.0 – < 4.0.0.380
    • 4.1.0 – < 4.1.0.243
    • 4.4.0 – < 4.4.0.58
    • 4.2.0.183
    • 3.1.0.355
    • 4.5.0.43
    • 4.6.0.7
    • 3.2.1.78
    • 3.2.0.459
    • 4.3.0.94
    • 4.0.0.380
    • 4.1.0.243
    • 4.4.0.58
    wso2identity_server
    • 6.0.0 – < 6.0.0.255
    • 7.1.0 – < 7.1.0.51
    • 5.10.0 – < 5.10.0.384
    • 7.0.0 – < 7.0.0.131
    • 6.0.0.255
    • 7.1.0.51
    • 5.10.0.384
    • 7.0.0.131
    wso2identity_server_as_key_manager
    • 5.10.0 – < 5.10.0.375
    • 5.10.0.375
    wso2open_banking_am
    • 2.0.0 – < 2.0.0.404
    • 2.0.0.404
    wso2open_banking_iam
    • 2.0.0 – < 2.0.0.424
    • 2.0.0.424
    wso2traffic_manager
    • 4.6.0 – < 4.6.0.7
    • 4.5.0 – < 4.5.0.42
    • 4.6.0.7
    • 4.5.0.42
    wso2universal_gateway
    • 4.5.0 – < 4.5.0.42
    • 4.6.0 – < 4.6.0.7
    • 4.5.0.42
    • 4.6.0.7

    Vendors and products

    Weakness classes (CWE)

    • CWE-79Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

      Base

      The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-79

    References & sources

    Changes to this CVE

    Who changed this CVE and when: NVD (analysis, affected products, CVSS), the CVE publisher (CNA) and additional providers such as CISA (ADP).

    1. Initial analysis by NVDNVD

      Newly listed as affected:
      Show 8 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Product configurationadded
      —
      OR *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_control_plane:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.5.0 up to (excluding) 4.5.0.44 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_control_plane:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.6.0 up to (excluding) 4.6.0.8
      Product configurationadded
      —
      OR *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 3.1.0 up to (excluding) 3.1.0.355 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 3.2.0 up to (excluding) 3.2.0.459 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 3.2.1 up to (excluding) 3.2.1.78 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.0.0 up to (excluding) 4.0.0.380 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.1.0 up to (excluding) 4.1.0.243 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.2.0 up to (excluding) 4.2.0.183 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.3.0 up to (excluding) 4.3.0.94 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.4.0 up to (excluding) 4.4.0.58 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.5.0 up to (excluding) 4.5.0.43 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.6.0 up to (excluding) 4.6.0.7
      Product configurationadded
      —
      OR *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.0.0 up to (excluding) 7.0.0.131 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 5.10.0 up to (excluding) 5.10.0.384 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.0.0 up to (excluding) 6.0.0.255 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.1.0 up to (excluding) 7.1.0.51
      Product configurationadded
      —
      OR *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server_as_key_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 5.10.0 up to (excluding) 5.10.0.375
      Product configurationadded
      —
      OR *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:open_banking_am:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 2.0.0 up to (excluding) 2.0.0.404 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:open_banking_iam:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 2.0.0 up to (excluding) 2.0.0.424
      Product configurationadded
      —
      OR *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:traffic_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.5.0 up to (excluding) 4.5.0.42 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:traffic_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.6.0 up to (excluding) 4.6.0.7
      Product configurationadded
      —
      OR *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:universal_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.5.0 up to (excluding) 4.5.0.42 *cpe:2.3:a:wso2:universal_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 4.6.0 up to (excluding) 4.6.0.7
      Reference typeadded
      —
      WSO2 LLC: https://security.docs.wso2.com/en/latest/security-announcements/security-advisories/2026/WSO2-2025-4343/ Types: Vendor Advisory

      Source identifier: nvd@nist.gov

    2. Record modifiedCISA ADP

      CISA assessment (SSVC): exploitation: none known, automatable: no

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      SSVC assessmentadded
      —
      {"id":"CVE-2025-8591","role":"CISA Coordinator","options":[{"exploitation":"none"},{"automatable":"no"},{"technicalImpact":"partial"}],"version":"2.0.3","timestamp":"2026-07-06T11:04:42.314721Z"}

      Source identifier: 134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0

    3. Receiveded10eef1…

      CVSS V3.1: AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

      Weakness type: CWE-79

      Description added or changed

      Show 5 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)added
      —
      WSO2 Identity Server, WSO2 API Manager, WSO2 API Control Plane (+5)
      Descriptionadded
      —
      The software accepts user-supplied input via a URL parameter without adequate output encoding before reflecting it back to the user's browser. This condition allows an attacker to inject malicious script content into pages served by the application. By leveraging this weakness, an attacker can cause the user's browser to redirect to a malicious website, modify the UI of the webpage, or retrieve information from the browser. However, the impact is mitigated by the use of httpOnly flags on session-related cookies, preventing session hijacking.
      CVSSadded
      —
      AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
      Weakness type (CWE)added
      —
      CWE-79
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://security.docs.wso2.com/en/latest/security-announcements/security-advisories/2026/WSO2-2025-4343/

      Source identifier: ed10eef1-636d-4fbe-9993-6890dfa878f8

    2 NVD translations into other languages are hidden.

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