CriticalCVE-2025-64328

    FreePBX Administration GUI is Vulnerable to Authenticated Command Injection (CVE-2025-64328)

    Published Last modified In CISA KEV since Sources: pwn.watch, CVE.org

    What is affected, what to do

    FreePBX Endpoint Manager is a module for managing telephony endpoints in FreePBX systems. In versions 17.0.2.36 and above before 17.0.3, the filestore module within the Administrative interface is vulnerable to a post-authentication command injection by an authenticated known user via the testconnection -> check_ssh_connect() function.

    The vulnerability is being actively exploited; treat it as a priority. Update filestore to version 17.0.3. Immediate actions, mitigation and detection rules are in the runbook below.

    Affected
    • FreePBX Filestore gte 17.0.2.36, < 17.0.3..*

    Not sure whether and how you are affected? Ask a question about this vulnerability

    Metrics

    8.6

    Priority

    XIEM Effective CVSS: highest available CVSS rating from NVD and vendor data.

    Source: NVD, CVSS v4

    7.2

    CVSS v3

    Severity High on the scale from 0 to 10.

    Source: pwn.watch, CVE.org

    84.6 %

    EPSS score

    High — model estimates ≥ 50% chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days.

    Source: FIRST EPSS, percentile 99.70

    Show all metrics
    Severity
    Critical
    Priority (0–325)

    The priority score is a consolidated metric that condenses several individual signals into a single, action-guiding ranking: technical severity (CVSS), exploitation likelihood (EPSS), known-exploited status (KEV) and the context of the affected asset. The aim is to answer the only truly important question in vulnerability management: what first?

    Read in glossary
    234.39 Methodology
    Exploit maturity

    An exploit is code or a technique that specifically uses a concrete vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — such as executing code or escalating privileges. It is the tool that turns a theoretical flaw into a practical attack.

    Read in glossary
    actively exploitedSource: VulnCheck KEV (opens in a new tab) How we classify
    XIEM Effective CVSS

    XIEM® is the tiered managed-security operating model from NEOSEC and a registered trademark of NEOSEC GmbH. It extends classic SIEM — the central collection, normalisation and correlation of security-relevant events — with endpoint forensics, network visibility and deception technology, and consolidates them into three building tiers: Sentry, Orchestrate and Command.

    Read in glossary
    8.6 Methodology
    CVSS v3

    CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.

    Read in glossary
    7.2
    CVSS v4

    CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.

    Read in glossary
    8.6
    EPSS score

    The EPSS score is the absolute model output for an individual vulnerability: the estimated probability of real-world exploitation within the next 30 days, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (i.e. 0 % to 100 %). A score of 0.42 means „the model estimates a 42 % chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days“.

    Read in glossary
    84.6 %
    High — model estimates ≥ 50% chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days.
    EPSS percentile

    The EPSS percentile is the relative position of a vulnerability within all EPSS-scored CVEs, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A percentile of 0.90 means „this CVE has a higher EPSS score than 90 % of all other scored CVEs“. Unlike the EPSS score, it is not a probability — but a positioning within a ranking.

    Read in glossary
    99.70
    Critical — this CVE ranks in the top fifth of all CVEs scored today (rank ≥ 80%).
    KEV status

    The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.

    Read in glossary
    Actively exploited
    Published
    In CISA KEV since

    The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.

    Read in glossary
    CISA assessment (SSVC)
    Exploitation: active · not automatable · Technical impact: total
    Source: CISA Vulnrichment, as of 3 February 2026
    CWE

    CWE is a catalogue of typical weakness types in software and hardware — such as flawed input validation, unsafe memory handling or poor authentication. Where a CVE names a concrete vulnerability in a concrete product, a CWE describes the underlying class of defect.

    Read in glossary
    CWE-78

    Response and mitigation

    Why act now?

    Prioritisation rationale

    Exploitation needs an authenticated administrator, but after that the flaw is network-reachable with low complexity. It yields code execution as asterisk, giving full control over telephony, dialplan and stored credentials. FreePBX deployments are frequently internet-facing and protected by weak or reused admin passwords. Attackers routinely chain post-auth bugs like this with credential stuffing or other authentication weaknesses, monetising access through toll fraud or using the PBX as a foothold into the internal network. CISA does not flag known ransomware use, but exploitation likelihood is very high. Treat it as critical and act immediately where the admin GUI is internet-exposed; treat it as high, with patching within days, where the PBX is strictly segmented and admin access is MFA-gated.

    1. Runbook step 1

      Immediate response (0-24 h)

      • Cut exposure first: The FreePBX admin interface (typically HTTP/HTTPS 80/443 or your configured admin port) must not be reachable from the internet. Restrict it to management networks or VPN via the perimeter firewall or the FreePBX Responsive Firewall "Trusted" zone.
      • Patch: Upgrade the filestore module to 17.0.3 or later; versions 17.0.2.36 up to but excluding 17.0.3 are affected. Verify with fwconsole ma list | grep -i filestore, then upgrade via fwconsole ma upgrade filestore && fwconsole reload.
      • Reset admin credentials: Exploitation requires an authenticated admin account. Rotate all FreePBX GUI administrator passwords and disable unknown or stale admin users (Admin > Administrators). Also rotate any SSH/FTP credentials stored in Filestore.
      • Hunt for compromise: On every affected host, check for persistence as the asterisk user. Review crontab -l -u asterisk and /home/asterisk/.ssh/authorized_keys, and look for new or modified PHP files under /var/www/html (find /var/www/html -name '*.php' -mtime -30). Look for unexpected trunks, routes and dialplan changes in extensions_custom.conf as well.
      • If compromise is suspected: Isolate the host and preserve evidence (disk image, /var/log/httpd, /var/log/asterisk). Fail telephony over to a standby system and alert your SIP carrier to potential toll fraud.

    2. Runbook step 2

      Mitigation layers

      • Network segmentation: Place the PBX in a dedicated voice VLAN. Admin GUI and SSH should be reachable only from a management jump-host subnet. Apply an egress allowlist (SIP carrier, update servers, NTP) to the PBX host to block reverse shells and payload retrieval.
      • WAF/reverse proxy: Block or alert on admin-interface requests containing filestore together with testconnection when parameters include shell metacharacters (;, |, `, $(, &&, or encoded %3B, %7C, %24%28). Exact parameter names are hard to confirm, so key the rule on metacharacters within requests that match these keywords.
      • IAM/least privilege: Minimise full administrators and scope module permissions so helpdesk roles have no Filestore access. Front the GUI with MFA, for example VPN or an SSO-enabled reverse proxy.
      • Configuration: If Filestore is not in use, disable it until patched (fwconsole ma disable filestore). Remove unused modules generally to shrink the attack surface.
      • Host hardening: Constrain the web server's execution context, for example SELinux enforcing where compatible. Enable file integrity monitoring (AIDE/Wazuh FIM) on /var/www/html, /etc/asterisk and /home/asterisk.

    3. Runbook step 3

      Detection rules

      • Web access logs (/var/log/httpd/*access*): Watch for requests to /admin/ containing filestore and testconnection, especially with encoded shell metacharacters or from external or unusual source IPs. Example SPL: index=web uri="*filestore*" uri="*testconnection*" | regex _raw="(%3B|%7C|%60|%24%28|;|\|)".
      • Process ancestry (EDR/Sysmon for Linux EID 1/auditd): Flag httpd or php-fpm running as asterisk that spawns a shell (sh -c, bash), which then spawns curl, wget, nc, python, perl, base64 or ssh with odd arguments. Sigma shape: ParentImage|endswith: ['/httpd','/php-fpm'] AND User: asterisk AND Image|endswith: ['/curl','/wget','/nc','/bash','/python3'].
      • auditd: Add -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S execve -F uid=<asterisk-uid> -k asterisk_exec and alert on binaries outside the expected baseline (asterisk, php, fwconsole).
      • Network telemetry (Zeek/Suricata): Watch for new outbound TCP connections from the PBX to non-allowlisted destinations, particularly long-lived sessions on unusual ports (reverse shells). In Zeek conn.log, filter id.orig_h == <PBX> and exclude known SIP and update endpoints.
      • Telephony anomalies: Review CDRs and /var/log/asterisk/full for sudden international or premium-rate calls, new trunks and outbound routes. These are typical follow-on actions once asterisk-level access is gained.

    Detection rules

    No NEOSEC detection rule is available for this vulnerability yet.

    Classification under NIS2 and CRA

    Rule-based classification from exploitation status and severity. It does not replace a case-by-case assessment.

    NIS2

    NIS2 is EU Directive (EU) 2022/2555 to raise the level of cybersecurity across the Union. It substantially broadens obligations compared with the first NIS directive: more sectors, mandatory risk management, staged reporting duties and personal accountability of senior management.

    Read in glossary
    Actively exploited: treat the vulnerability as a priority in vulnerability handling under Art. 21(2)(e) NIS2. If it is exploited in your environment, check the reporting obligation under Art. 23 (early warning within 24 hours).
    CRA

    The CRA is EU Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 setting horizontal cybersecurity requirements for „products with digital elements“ — from industrial controllers and software to connected consumer devices. For the first time manufacturers must ensure security across the entire product lifecycle, handle vulnerabilities and provide security updates.

    Read in glossary
    Since 11.09.2026, manufacturers of affected products with digital elements must report actively exploited vulnerabilities under Art. 14 CRA, with an early warning within 24 hours via ENISA's single reporting platform.
    ISO/IEC 27001

    ISO/IEC 27001 is the internationally leading standard for an information security management system (ISMS). It describes a risk-based, process-oriented framework to systematically plan, implement, review and improve information security.

    Read in glossary
    Control A.8.8, management of technical vulnerabilities: assess relevance to your systems, plan remediation and keep evidence.

    Description

    FreePBX Endpoint Manager is a module for managing telephony endpoints in FreePBX systems. In versions 17.0.2.36 and above before 17.0.3, the filestore module within the Administrative interface is vulnerable to a post-authentication command injection by an authenticated known user via the testconnection -> check_ssh_connect() function. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to obtain remote access to the system as an asterisk user. This issue is fixed in version 17.0.3.

    Source: pwn.watch, cvelistv5, CISA KEV Catalog, NVD (NIST), CVE.org (MITRE)

    Affected products

    The following versions are affected. Older releases of the same product line are also vulnerable unless stated otherwise.

    Affected products
    Affected versionsFixed in
    FreePBXfilestore
    • ≥ 17.0.2.36, < 17.0.3
    • —
    sangomafilestore
    • 17.0.2.36 – < 17.0.3
    • 17.0.3

    Vendors and products

    Weakness classes (CWE)

    • CWE-78Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

      Base

      The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-78

    Public exploit references

    Publicly reported proof-of-concepts, exploit modules and detection templates for this vulnerability. NEOSEC links to the original sources only and does not provide any exploit code.

    Public exploit references
    CISA KEV CatalogCISA Known Exploited Vulnerability (opens in a new tab)cisa.govactively exploited

    References & sources

    • github.comFreePBX/security-reporting/security/advisories/GHSA-vm9p-46mv-5…x_refsource_CONFIRM, pwn-watch
    • github.comFreePBX/filestore/blob/f0e3983059271efd80b483ec823310ef19a59013…x_refsource_MISC
    • freepbx.orgwatch-what-we-do-with-security-fixes-👀x_refsource_MISC
    • fortinet.comblog/threat-research/unveiling-the-weaponized-web-shell-encystp…Third-party advisory
    • cisa.govknown-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-64328government-resource
    • pwn.watchpwn.watch: Sangoma FreePBX : Sangoma FreePBX OS Command Injection Vulnerabilitypwn-watch
    • NVD (NIST)NVD: CVE-2025-64328pwn-watch
    • cisa.govCISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalogpwn-watch

    Changes to this CVE

    Who changed this CVE and when: NVD (analysis, affected products, CVSS), the CVE publisher (CNA) and additional providers such as CISA (ADP).

    1. NVD analysis modifiedNVD

      Product mapping changed:
      Show 2 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Product configurationchanged
      OR *cpe:2.3:a:sangoma:firestore:*:*:*:*:*:freepbx:*:* versions from (including) 17.0.2.36 up to (excluding) 17.0.3
      OR *cpe:2.3:a:sangoma:filestore:*:*:*:*:*:freepbx:*:* versions from (including) 17.0.2.36 up to (excluding) 17.0.3
      Reference typechanged
      GitHub, Inc.: https://github.com/FreePBX/security-reporting/security/advisories/GHSA-vm9p-46mv-5xvw Types: Exploit, Vendor Advisory
      GitHub, Inc.: https://github.com/FreePBX/security-reporting/security/advisories/GHSA-vm9p-46mv-5xvw Types: Mitigation, Vendor Advisory

      Source identifier: nvd@nist.gov

    Embed badge

    Show the severity and KEV status of this vulnerability on your site – with a link back here. The image is updated hourly.

    Badge preview for CVE-2025-64328
    <a href="https://intel.neosec.eu/en/cve/CVE-2025-64328"><img src="https://intel.neosec.eu/badge/cve/CVE-2025-64328.svg?lang=en" alt="CVE-2025-64328 – NEOSEC Intel" height="20"></a>