Cowrie < 2.9.0 Unrestricted wget/curl Emulation Enables SSRF-Based DDoS Amplification (CVE-2025-34469)
Published Last modified Sources: CVE.org, OSV
- Actively exploited
- Source: VulnCheck KEV (opens in a new tab) How we classify
What is affected, what to do
Cowrie versions prior to 2.9.0 contain a server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in the emulated shell implementation of wget and curl. In the default emulated shell configuration, these command emulations perform real outbound HTTP requests to attacker-supplied destinations.
The vulnerability is being actively exploited; treat it as a priority. Update Cowrie to version 2.9.0.
- Affected
- Cowrie
lt *..2.9.0
- Cowrie
- Fixed in
- Cowrie
2.9.0
- Cowrie
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Metrics
7.5
Priority
XIEM Effective CVSS: highest available CVSS rating from NVD and vendor data.
Source: NVD, CVSS v3
7.5
CVSS v3
Severity High on the scale from 0 to 10.
Source: CVE.org, OSV
0.7 %
EPSS score
Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.
Source: FIRST EPSS, percentile 51.6
Show all metrics
- Severity
- High
Priority (0–325)
The priority score is a consolidated metric that condenses several individual signals into a single, action-guiding ranking: technical severity (CVSS), exploitation likelihood (EPSS), known-exploited status (KEV) and the context of the affected asset. The aim is to answer the only truly important question in vulnerability management: what first?
Read in glossary- 72.11 Methodology
Exploit maturity
An exploit is code or a technique that specifically uses a concrete vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — such as executing code or escalating privileges. It is the tool that turns a theoretical flaw into a practical attack.
Read in glossary- actively exploitedSource: VulnCheck KEV (opens in a new tab) How we classify
XIEM Effective CVSS
XIEM® is the tiered managed-security operating model from NEOSEC and a registered trademark of NEOSEC GmbH. It extends classic SIEM — the central collection, normalisation and correlation of security-relevant events — with endpoint forensics, network visibility and deception technology, and consolidates them into three building tiers: Sentry, Orchestrate and Command.
Read in glossary- 7.5 Methodology
CVSS v3
CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.
Read in glossary- 7.5
CVSS v4
CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.
Read in glossary- 6.9
EPSS score
The EPSS score is the absolute model output for an individual vulnerability: the estimated probability of real-world exploitation within the next 30 days, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (i.e. 0 % to 100 %). A score of 0.42 means „the model estimates a 42 % chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days“.
Read in glossary- 0.7 %
- Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.
EPSS percentile
The EPSS percentile is the relative position of a vulnerability within all EPSS-scored CVEs, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A percentile of 0.90 means „this CVE has a higher EPSS score than 90 % of all other scored CVEs“. Unlike the EPSS score, it is not a probability — but a positioning within a ranking.
Read in glossary- 51.6
- High — this CVE ranks above the median of all CVEs scored today (rank ≥ 36%).
KEV status
The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.
Read in glossary- —
- Published
CWE
CWE is a catalogue of typical weakness types in software and hardware — such as flawed input validation, unsafe memory handling or poor authentication. Where a CVE names a concrete vulnerability in a concrete product, a CWE describes the underlying class of defect.
Read in glossary- CWE-918
Detection rules
No NEOSEC detection rule is available for this vulnerability yet.
Classification under NIS2 and CRA
Rule-based classification from exploitation status and severity. It does not replace a case-by-case assessment.
NIS2
NIS2 is EU Directive (EU) 2022/2555 to raise the level of cybersecurity across the Union. It substantially broadens obligations compared with the first NIS directive: more sectors, mandatory risk management, staged reporting duties and personal accountability of senior management.
Read in glossary- Actively exploited: treat the vulnerability as a priority in vulnerability handling under Art. 21(2)(e) NIS2. If it is exploited in your environment, check the reporting obligation under Art. 23 (early warning within 24 hours).
CRA
The CRA is EU Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 setting horizontal cybersecurity requirements for „products with digital elements“ — from industrial controllers and software to connected consumer devices. For the first time manufacturers must ensure security across the entire product lifecycle, handle vulnerabilities and provide security updates.
Read in glossary- Since 11.09.2026, manufacturers of affected products with digital elements must report actively exploited vulnerabilities under Art. 14 CRA, with an early warning within 24 hours via ENISA's single reporting platform.
ISO/IEC 27001
ISO/IEC 27001 is the internationally leading standard for an information security management system (ISMS). It describes a risk-based, process-oriented framework to systematically plan, implement, review and improve information security.
Read in glossary- Control A.8.8, management of technical vulnerabilities: assess relevance to your systems, plan remediation and keep evidence.
Description
Cowrie versions prior to 2.9.0 contain a server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in the emulated shell implementation of wget and curl. In the default emulated shell configuration, these command emulations perform real outbound HTTP requests to attacker-supplied destinations. Because no outbound request rate limiting was enforced, unauthenticated remote attackers could repeatedly invoke these commands to generate unbounded HTTP traffic toward arbitrary third-party targets, allowing the Cowrie honeypot to be abused as a denial-of-service amplification node and masking the attacker’s true source address behind the honeypot’s IP.
Source: NVD (NIST), OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities), CVE.org (MITRE), cvelistv5
Affected products
The following versions are affected. Older releases of the same product line are also vulnerable unless stated otherwise.
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cowrie | Cowrie |
|
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| cowrie | cowrie |
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Weakness classes (CWE)
CWE-918Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Base
The web server receives a URL or similar request from an upstream component and retrieves the contents of this URL, but it does not sufficiently ensure that the request is being sent to the expected destination.
Entry at MITRE CWE-918
References & sources
- github.comcowrie/cowrie/security/advisories/GHSA-83jg-m2pm-4jxjweb
- NVD (NIST)vuln/detail/CVE-2025-34469advisory
- github.comcowrie/cowrie/issues/2622web, Issue tracking
- github.comcowrie/cowrie/pull/2800web, Issue tracking
- GitHub Security Advisoriesadvisories/GHSA-83jg-m2pm-4jxjadvisory, Vendor advisory
- github.comcowrie/cowriepackage
- github.comcowrie/cowrie/releases/tag/v2.9.0web, Release notes, Patch
- CVE.org (MITRE)cverecord?id=CVE-2025-34469web
- vulncheck.comadvisories/cowrie-unrestricted-wget-curl-emulation-enables-ssrf…web, Third-party advisory
Reanalysis & status changes
Chronological NVD audit events for this CVE — reanalyses, CVSS updates, CPE diffs.
CVE Modifieddisclosure@vulncheck.com
- Affected: after Affected value modified. <a href="https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/blob/main/cves/2025/34xxx/CVE-2025-34469.json">CVE-2025-34469</a>
- Reference: after https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-83jg-m2pm-4jxj
- Reference: after https://github.com/cowrie/cowrie/issues/2622
- Reference: after https://github.com/cowrie/cowrie/pull/2800
CVE Modified134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0
- Reference: after https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-83jg-m2pm-4jxj
- Reference:
before https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-83jg-m2pm-4jxj - Reference Type:
before https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-83jg-m2pm-4jxj Types: Exploit, Third Party Advisory
CVE Translatednvd@nist.gov
- Translation:
before Title: Cowrie, Description: Las versiones de Cowrie anteriores a la 2.9.0 contienen una vulnerabilidad de falsificación de petición del lado del servidor (SSRF) en la implementación de shell emulado de wget y curl. En la configuración predeterminada del shell emulado, estas emulaciones de comandos realizan peticiones HTTP salientes reales a destinos proporcionados por el atacante. Dado que no se aplicaba ninguna limitación de velocidad de peticiones salientes, atacantes remotos no autenticados podían invocar repetidamente estos comandos para generar tráfico HTTP ilimitado hacia objetivos arbitrarios de terceros, permitiendo que el honeypot de Cowrie fuera abusado como un nodo de amplificación de denegación de servicio y enmascarando la verdadera dirección de origen del atacante detrás de la IP del honeypot.after Title: Cowrie, Description: Las versiones de Cowrie anteriores a la 2.9.0 contienen una vulnerabilidad de falsificación de petición del lado del servidor (SSRF) en la implementación de shell emulado de wget y curl. En la configuración predeterminada del shell emulado, estas emulaciones de comandos realizan peticiones HTTP salientes reales a destinos proporcionados por el atacante. Dado que no se aplicaba ninguna limitación de velocidad de peticiones salientes, atacantes remotos no autenticados podían invocar repetidamente estos comandos para generar tráfico HTTP ilimitado hacia objetivos arbitrarios de terceros, permitiendo que el honeypot de Cowrie fuera abusado como un nodo de amplificación de denegación de servicio y enmascarando la verdadera dirección de origen del atacante detrás de la IP del honeypot.
- Translation:
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<a href="https://intel.neosec.eu/en/cve/CVE-2025-34469"><img src="https://intel.neosec.eu/badge/cve/CVE-2025-34469.svg?lang=en" alt="CVE-2025-34469 – NEOSEC Intel" height="20"></a>