HighCVE-2026-102276

    brace-expansion: DoS via uncontrolled recursion in parseCommaParts causing stack exhaustion (CVE-2026-102276)

    Published Last modified Sources: Msrc Update Guide, Hersteller, OSV, CVE.org, Red Hat

    What is affected, what to do

    A flaw was found in brace-expansion. A remote attacker can provide specially crafted brace patterns with excessive nested groups or large arrays to trigger uncontrolled recursion during parsing.

    Update juliangruber brace-expansion to version 1.1.19.

    Affected
    • juliangruber brace-expansion gte 2.0.0, < 2.1.5..*
    • juliangruber brace-expansion lt *..1.1.19
    Fixed in
    • juliangruber brace-expansion 1.1.19

    Not sure whether and how you are affected? Ask a question about this vulnerability

    Metrics

    7.5

    Priority

    XIEM Effective CVSS: highest available CVSS rating from NVD and vendor data.

    Source: Vendor (CNA), CVSS v3

    7.5

    CVSS v3

    Severity High on the scale from 0 to 10.

    Source: Msrc Update Guide, Hersteller, OSV, CVE.org, Red Hat

    0.5 %

    EPSS score

    Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.

    Source: FIRST EPSS, percentile 39.4

    Show all metrics
    Severity
    High
    Priority (0–325)

    The priority score is a consolidated metric that condenses several individual signals into a single, action-guiding ranking: technical severity (CVSS), exploitation likelihood (EPSS), known-exploited status (KEV) and the context of the affected asset. The aim is to answer the only truly important question in vulnerability management: what first?

    Read in glossary
    79.81 Methodology
    Exploit maturity

    An exploit is code or a technique that specifically uses a concrete vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — such as executing code or escalating privileges. It is the tool that turns a theoretical flaw into a practical attack.

    Read in glossary
    no public PoC known
    XIEM Effective CVSS

    XIEM® is the tiered managed-security operating model from NEOSEC and a registered trademark of NEOSEC GmbH. It extends classic SIEM — the central collection, normalisation and correlation of security-relevant events — with endpoint forensics, network visibility and deception technology, and consolidates them into three building tiers: Sentry, Orchestrate and Command.

    Read in glossary
    7.5 Methodology
    CVSS v3

    CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.

    Read in glossary
    7.5
    EPSS score

    The EPSS score is the absolute model output for an individual vulnerability: the estimated probability of real-world exploitation within the next 30 days, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (i.e. 0 % to 100 %). A score of 0.42 means „the model estimates a 42 % chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days“.

    Read in glossary
    0.5 %
    Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.
    EPSS percentile

    The EPSS percentile is the relative position of a vulnerability within all EPSS-scored CVEs, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A percentile of 0.90 means „this CVE has a higher EPSS score than 90 % of all other scored CVEs“. Unlike the EPSS score, it is not a probability — but a positioning within a ranking.

    Read in glossary
    39.4
    High — this CVE ranks above the median of all CVEs scored today (rank ≥ 36%).
    KEV status

    The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.

    Read in glossary
    —
    Published
    CISA assessment (SSVC)
    Exploitation: none known · automatable · Technical impact: partial
    Source: CISA Vulnrichment, as of 29 September 2026
    CWE

    CWE is a catalogue of typical weakness types in software and hardware — such as flawed input validation, unsafe memory handling or poor authentication. Where a CVE names a concrete vulnerability in a concrete product, a CWE describes the underlying class of defect.

    Read in glossary
    CWE-400, CWE-674

    Detection rules

    No NEOSEC detection rule is available for this vulnerability yet.

    Classification under NIS2 and CRA

    Rule-based classification from exploitation status and severity. It does not replace a case-by-case assessment.

    NIS2

    NIS2 is EU Directive (EU) 2022/2555 to raise the level of cybersecurity across the Union. It substantially broadens obligations compared with the first NIS directive: more sectors, mandatory risk management, staged reporting duties and personal accountability of senior management.

    Read in glossary
    High technical severity: assess and remediate the vulnerability in vulnerability handling under Art. 21(2)(e) NIS2 and document the decision.
    CRA

    The CRA is EU Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 setting horizontal cybersecurity requirements for „products with digital elements“ — from industrial controllers and software to connected consumer devices. For the first time manufacturers must ensure security across the entire product lifecycle, handle vulnerabilities and provide security updates.

    Read in glossary
    From 11.12.2027, Annex I Part II CRA requires manufacturers of affected products with digital elements to handle vulnerabilities without delay and provide security updates.
    ISO/IEC 27001

    ISO/IEC 27001 is the internationally leading standard for an information security management system (ISMS). It describes a risk-based, process-oriented framework to systematically plan, implement, review and improve information security.

    Read in glossary
    Control A.8.8, management of technical vulnerabilities: assess relevance to your systems, plan remediation and keep evidence.

    Description

    A flaw was found in brace-expansion. A remote attacker can provide specially crafted brace patterns with excessive nested groups or large arrays to trigger uncontrolled recursion during parsing. This behavior exhausts the native call stack and crashes the application process, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS).

    Source: Microsoft Security Update Guide, GitHub Security Advisories, OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities), cvelistv5, redhat_csaf, NVD (NIST)

    Affected products

    The following versions are affected. Older releases of the same product line are also vulnerable unless stated otherwise.

    Affected products
    Affected versionsFixed in
    juliangruberbrace-expansion
    • ≥ 2.0.0, < 2.1.5
    • < 1.1.19
    • —
    • 1.1.19
    npmbrace-expansion
    • >= 4.0.0, < 5.0.10
    • >= 3.0.0, < 3.0.7
    • >= 2.0.0, < 2.1.5
    • < 1.1.19
    • 5.0.10
    • 3.0.7
    • 2.1.5
    • 1.1.19

    Vendors and products

    Weakness classes (CWE)

    • CWE-400Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

      Class

      The product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-400

    • CWE-674Uncontrolled Recursion

      Class

      The product does not properly control the amount of recursion that takes place, consuming excessive resources, such as allocated memory or the program stack.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-674

    References & sources

    • github.comjuliangruber/brace-expansion/security/advisories/GHSA-6j4f-fj2g…x_refsource_CONFIRM
    • github.comjuliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/0bcbfc0a5928c3073d48f42999d…x_refsource_MISC
    • github.comjuliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/316359e6019c39b3254c8ba8e25…x_refsource_MISC
    • github.comjuliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/5171e681c0922b7ae8bfaf9a331…x_refsource_MISC
    • github.comjuliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/6735c94873ca570bcdd6a069003…x_refsource_MISC
    • NVD (NIST)vuln/detail/CVE-2026-102276advisory
    • github.comjuliangruber/brace-expansionpackage

    Changes to this CVE

    Who changed this CVE and when: NVD (analysis, affected products, CVSS), the CVE publisher (CNA) and additional providers such as CISA (ADP).

    1. Record modifiedCISA ADP

      CISA assessment (SSVC): exploitation: none known, automatable: yes

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      SSVC assessmentadded
      —
      {"id":"CVE-2026-102276","role":"CISA Coordinator","options":[{"exploitation":"none"},{"automatable":"yes"},{"technicalImpact":"partial"}],"version":"2.0.3","timestamp":"2026-09-29T13:37:06.086529Z"}

      Source identifier: 134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0

    2. ReceivedGitHub

      CVSS V3.1: AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

      Weakness type: CWE-400, CWE-674

      Description added or changed

      Show 10 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Descriptionadded
      —
      The brace-expansion library generates arbitrary strings containing a common prefix and suffix. Prior to 1.1.19, 2.1.5, 3.0.7, and 5.0.10, crafted brace patterns can exhaust the native stack in parseCommaParts because parseCommaParts recursively processes the remainder once per brace group and uses push.apply to pass every element of a very large comma-part array as a function argument. Patterns containing many comma-separated brace groups trigger the recursive path, while the large array triggers the argument-array path without deep recursion. These paths cause recursive and argument-array native stack exhaustion before max or maxLength can limit output, potentially terminating the Node.js process in a process-terminating denial of service. This issue is fixed in versions 1.1.19, 2.1.5, 3.0.7, and 5.0.10.
      CVSSadded
      —
      AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
      Weakness type (CWE)added
      —
      CWE-400
      Weakness type (CWE)added
      —
      CWE-674
      Affected versions (publisher)added
      —
      New affected value received. <a href="https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/blob/main/cves/2026/102xxx/CVE-2026-102276.json">CVE-2026-102276</a>
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/0bcbfc0a5928c3073d48f42999d1ce4fc1c42fbc
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/316359e6019c39b3254c8ba8e25dc586a480652c
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/5171e681c0922b7ae8bfaf9a331e309107be6edc
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/6735c94873ca570bcdd6a0690033bdd3126379d3
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/security/advisories/GHSA-6j4f-fj2g-mc7p

      Source identifier: security-advisories@github.com

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