HighCVE-2025-71089

    Linux Kernel: Use After Free (CVE-2025-71089)

    Published Last modified Sources: Ubuntu, SUSE, BSI, Red Hat, Debian, Debian LTS, CVE.org, Msrc Update Guide, EUVD

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    What is affected, what to do

    In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iommu: disable SVA when CONFIG_X86 is set Patch series "Fix stale IOTLB entries for kernel address space", v7. This proposes a fix for a security vulnerability related to IOMMU Shared Virtual Addressing (SVA).

    Update Linux Kernel to version 5.10.273, Linux Kernel to version 5.15.200, Linux Kernel to version 6.1.163.

    Affected
    • Linux Kernel lt 5.2..5.10.273
    • Linux Kernel lt 5.11..5.15.200
    • Linux Kernel lt 5.16..6.1.163
    • Linux Kernel lt 6.2..6.6.120
    • Linux Kernel lt 6.7..6.12.64
    • Linux Kernel lt 6.13..6.18.4
    Fixed in
    • Linux Kernel 5.10.273
    • Linux Kernel 5.15.200
    • Linux Kernel 6.1.163
    • Linux Kernel 6.6.120
    • Linux Kernel 6.12.64
    • Linux Kernel 6.18.4
    • Linux Kernel 6.19

    Not sure whether and how you are affected? Ask a question about this vulnerability

    Metrics

    7.8

    Priority

    XIEM Effective CVSS: highest available CVSS rating from NVD and vendor data.

    Source: NVD, CVSS v3

    7.8

    CVSS v3

    Severity High on the scale from 0 to 10.

    Source: Ubuntu, SUSE, BSI, Red Hat, Debian, Debian LTS, CVE.org, Msrc Update Guide, EUVD

    0.2 %

    EPSS score

    Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.

    Source: FIRST EPSS, percentile 5.5

    Show all metrics
    Severity
    High
    Priority (0–325)

    The priority score is a consolidated metric that condenses several individual signals into a single, action-guiding ranking: technical severity (CVSS), exploitation likelihood (EPSS), known-exploited status (KEV) and the context of the affected asset. The aim is to answer the only truly important question in vulnerability management: what first?

    Read in glossary
    52.48 Methodology
    Exploit maturity

    An exploit is code or a technique that specifically uses a concrete vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — such as executing code or escalating privileges. It is the tool that turns a theoretical flaw into a practical attack.

    Read in glossary
    no public PoC known
    XIEM Effective CVSS

    XIEM® is the tiered managed-security operating model from NEOSEC and a registered trademark of NEOSEC GmbH. It extends classic SIEM — the central collection, normalisation and correlation of security-relevant events — with endpoint forensics, network visibility and deception technology, and consolidates them into three building tiers: Sentry, Orchestrate and Command.

    Read in glossary
    7.8 Methodology
    CVSS v3

    CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.

    Read in glossary
    7.8
    EPSS score

    The EPSS score is the absolute model output for an individual vulnerability: the estimated probability of real-world exploitation within the next 30 days, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (i.e. 0 % to 100 %). A score of 0.42 means „the model estimates a 42 % chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days“.

    Read in glossary
    0.2 %
    Low — model estimates < 1% exploitation likelihood.
    EPSS percentile

    The EPSS percentile is the relative position of a vulnerability within all EPSS-scored CVEs, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A percentile of 0.90 means „this CVE has a higher EPSS score than 90 % of all other scored CVEs“. Unlike the EPSS score, it is not a probability — but a positioning within a ranking.

    Read in glossary
    5.5
    Low — this CVE sits in the lower 10% of all CVEs scored today.
    KEV status

    The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.

    Read in glossary
    —
    Published
    CISA assessment (SSVC)
    Exploitation: none known · not automatable · Technical impact: total
    Source: CISA Vulnrichment, as of 16 June 2026
    CWE

    CWE is a catalogue of typical weakness types in software and hardware — such as flawed input validation, unsafe memory handling or poor authentication. Where a CVE names a concrete vulnerability in a concrete product, a CWE describes the underlying class of defect.

    Read in glossary
    CWE-416

    Detection rules

    No NEOSEC detection rule is available for this vulnerability yet.

    Classification under NIS2 and CRA

    Rule-based classification from exploitation status and severity. It does not replace a case-by-case assessment.

    NIS2

    NIS2 is EU Directive (EU) 2022/2555 to raise the level of cybersecurity across the Union. It substantially broadens obligations compared with the first NIS directive: more sectors, mandatory risk management, staged reporting duties and personal accountability of senior management.

    Read in glossary
    High technical severity: assess and remediate the vulnerability in vulnerability handling under Art. 21(2)(e) NIS2 and document the decision.
    CRA

    The CRA is EU Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 setting horizontal cybersecurity requirements for „products with digital elements“ — from industrial controllers and software to connected consumer devices. For the first time manufacturers must ensure security across the entire product lifecycle, handle vulnerabilities and provide security updates.

    Read in glossary
    From 11.12.2027, Annex I Part II CRA requires manufacturers of affected products with digital elements to handle vulnerabilities without delay and provide security updates.
    ISO/IEC 27001

    ISO/IEC 27001 is the internationally leading standard for an information security management system (ISMS). It describes a risk-based, process-oriented framework to systematically plan, implement, review and improve information security.

    Read in glossary
    Control A.8.8, management of technical vulnerabilities: assess relevance to your systems, plan remediation and keep evidence.

    Description

    In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iommu: disable SVA when CONFIG_X86 is set Patch series "Fix stale IOTLB entries for kernel address space", v7. This proposes a fix for a security vulnerability related to IOMMU Shared Virtual Addressing (SVA). In an SVA context, an IOMMU can cache kernel page table entries. When a kernel page table page is freed and reallocated for another purpose, the IOMMU might still hold stale, incorrect entries. This can be exploited to cause a use-after-free or write-after-free condition, potentially leading to privilege escalation or data corruption. This solution introduces a deferred freeing mechanism for kernel page table pages, which provides a safe window to notify the IOMMU to invalidate its caches before the page is reused. This patch (of 8): In the IOMMU Shared Virtual Addressing (SVA) context, the IOMMU hardware shares and walks the CPU's page tables. The x86 architecture maps the kernel's virtual address space into the upper portion of every process's page table. Consequently, in an SVA context, the IOMMU hardware can walk and cache kernel page table entries. The Linux kernel currently lacks a notification mechanism for kernel page table changes, specifically when page table pages are freed and reused. The IOMMU driver is only notified of changes to user virtual address mappings. This can cause the IOMMU's internal caches to retain stale entries for kernel VA. Use-After-Free (UAF) and Write-After-Free (WAF) conditions arise when kernel page table pages are freed and later reallocated. The IOMMU could misinterpret the new data as valid page table entries. The IOMMU might then walk into attacker-controlled memory, leading to arbitrary physical memory DMA access or privilege escalation. This is also a Write-After-Free issue, as the IOMMU will potentially continue to write Accessed and Dirty bits to the freed memory while attempting to walk the stale page tables. Currently, SVA contexts are unprivileged and cannot access kernel mappings. However, the IOMMU will still walk kernel-only page tables all the way down to the leaf entries, where it realizes the mapping is for the kernel and errors out. This means the IOMMU still caches these intermediate page table entries, making the described vulnerability a real concern. Disable SVA on x86 architecture until the IOMMU can receive notification to flush the paging cache before freeing the CPU kernel page table pages.

    Source: Ubuntu Security Notices, suse_csaf, BSI WID Portal, BSI CSAF, redhat_csaf, Debian Security Advisories, Debian LTS Advisories, cvelistv5, NVD (NIST), Microsoft Security Update Guide, CVE.org (MITRE), ENISA EUVD

    Affected products

    The following versions are affected. Older releases of the same product line are also vulnerable unless stated otherwise.

    Affected products
    Affected versionsFixed in
    LinuxLinux
    • 5.2 – < 5.10.273
    • 5.11 – < 5.15.200
    • —
    • 6.13 – < 6.18.4
    • 6.2 – < 6.6.120
    • 5.16 – < 6.1.163
    • 6.7 – < 6.12.64
    • 5.10.273
    • 5.15.200
    • 6.19
    • 6.18.4
    • 6.6.120
    • 6.1.163
    • 6.12.64
    IBMDataPower Gateway
    • < 11.0.0.3
    • < 10.6.0.11
    • < 10.5.0.23
    • 11.0.0.3
    • 10.6.0.11
    • 10.5.0.23
    IBMQRadar SIEM
    • <7.5.0 UP15 IF06
    • —

    Vendors and products

    Affected operating systems

    Affected operating systems
    Linuxubuntuawsbionic
    Linuxubuntuawsjammy
    Linuxubuntuawsnoble
    Linuxubuntuawsresolute
    Linuxubuntuawsxenial
    Linuxubuntuaws-6.8jammy
    Linuxubuntuaws-hwexenial
    Linuxubuntuazurejammy
    Linuxubuntuazurenoble
    Linuxubuntuazureresolute
    Linuxubuntuazurexenial
    Linuxubuntuazure-4.15bionic
    Linuxubuntugcpjammy
    Linuxubuntugcpnoble
    Linuxubuntugcpresolute
    Linuxubuntugcpxenial
    Linuxubuntugcp-4.15bionic
    Linuxubuntugcp-6.8jammy
    Linuxubuntugeneric-4.15bionic
    Linuxubuntugeneric-4.15xenial
    Linuxubuntugeneric-4.4xenial
    Linuxubuntugeneric-5.4bionic
    Linuxubuntugeneric-5.4focal
    Linuxubuntugkejammy

    Weakness classes (CWE)

    • CWE-416Use After Free

      Variant

      The product reuses or references memory after it has been freed. At some point afterward, the memory may be allocated again and saved in another pointer, while the original pointer references a location somewhere within the new allocation. Any operations using the original pointer are no longer valid because the memory "belongs" to the code that operates on the new pointer.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-416

    References & sources

    Changes to this CVE

    Who changed this CVE and when: NVD (analysis, affected products, CVSS), the CVE publisher (CNA) and additional providers such as CISA (ADP).

    1. Record modifiedLinux

      Show 2 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)added
      —
      Affected value modified. <a href="https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/blob/main/cves/2025/71xxx/CVE-2025-71089.json">CVE-2025-71089</a>
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/845875f4c6788c88e2334fe5825934821decbdc8

      Source identifier: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67

    2. Record modifiedLinux

      Show 18 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/240cd7f2812cc25496b12063d11c823618f364e9
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/72f98ef9a4be30d2a60136dd6faee376f780d06c
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7cad37e358970af1bb49030ff01f06a69fa7d985
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b34289505180a83607fcfdce14b5a290d0528476
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c2c3f1a3fd74ef16cf115f0c558616a13a8471b4
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c341dee80b5df49a936182341b36395c831c2661
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/240cd7f2812cc25496b12063d11c823618f364e9
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/72f98ef9a4be30d2a60136dd6faee376f780d06c
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7cad37e358970af1bb49030ff01f06a69fa7d985
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b34289505180a83607fcfdce14b5a290d0528476
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c2c3f1a3fd74ef16cf115f0c558616a13a8471b4
      —
      Referenceremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c341dee80b5df49a936182341b36395c831c2661
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/240cd7f2812cc25496b12063d11c823618f364e9 Types: Patch
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/72f98ef9a4be30d2a60136dd6faee376f780d06c Types: Patch
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7cad37e358970af1bb49030ff01f06a69fa7d985 Types: Patch
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b34289505180a83607fcfdce14b5a290d0528476 Types: Patch
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c2c3f1a3fd74ef16cf115f0c558616a13a8471b4 Types: Patch
      —
      Reference typeremoved
      https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c341dee80b5df49a936182341b36395c831c2661 Types: Patch
      —

      Source identifier: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67

    3. Record modifiedCISA ADP

      Weakness type: CWE-416

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Weakness type (CWE)added
      —
      CWE-416

      Source identifier: 134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0

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