CriticalCVE-2026-40079

    cacti: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') (CVE-2026-40079)

    Published Sources: BSI

    What is affected, what to do

    Cacti is an open source performance and fault management framework. Versions 1.2.30 and prior are vulnerable to Command Injection due to lack of sanitization in the escape_command() function.

    Update Cacti to version 1.2.31.

    Affected
    • Cacti lt *..1.2.31
    Fixed in
    • Cacti 1.2.31

    Not sure whether and how you are affected? Ask a question about this vulnerability

    Metrics

    9.8

    Priority

    XIEM Effective CVSS: highest available CVSS rating from NVD and vendor data.

    Source: NVD, CVSS v3

    9.8

    CVSS v3

    Severity Critical on the scale from 0 to 10.

    Source: BSI

    1.7 %

    EPSS score

    Moderate — model estimates 1-10% exploitation likelihood.

    Source: FIRST EPSS, percentile 77.0

    Show all metrics
    Severity
    Critical
    Priority (0–325)

    The priority score is a consolidated metric that condenses several individual signals into a single, action-guiding ranking: technical severity (CVSS), exploitation likelihood (EPSS), known-exploited status (KEV) and the context of the affected asset. The aim is to answer the only truly important question in vulnerability management: what first?

    Read in glossary
    74.07 Methodology
    Exploit maturity

    An exploit is code or a technique that specifically uses a concrete vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — such as executing code or escalating privileges. It is the tool that turns a theoretical flaw into a practical attack.

    Read in glossary
    no public PoC known
    XIEM Effective CVSS

    XIEM® is the tiered managed-security operating model from NEOSEC and a registered trademark of NEOSEC GmbH. It extends classic SIEM — the central collection, normalisation and correlation of security-relevant events — with endpoint forensics, network visibility and deception technology, and consolidates them into three building tiers: Sentry, Orchestrate and Command.

    Read in glossary
    9.8 Methodology
    CVSS v3

    CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.

    Read in glossary
    9.8
    CVSS v4

    CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.

    Read in glossary
    8.6
    EPSS score

    The EPSS score is the absolute model output for an individual vulnerability: the estimated probability of real-world exploitation within the next 30 days, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (i.e. 0 % to 100 %). A score of 0.42 means „the model estimates a 42 % chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days“.

    Read in glossary
    1.7 %
    Moderate — model estimates 1-10% exploitation likelihood.
    EPSS percentile

    The EPSS percentile is the relative position of a vulnerability within all EPSS-scored CVEs, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A percentile of 0.90 means „this CVE has a higher EPSS score than 90 % of all other scored CVEs“. Unlike the EPSS score, it is not a probability — but a positioning within a ranking.

    Read in glossary
    77.0
    High — this CVE ranks above the median of all CVEs scored today (rank ≥ 36%).
    KEV status

    The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.

    Read in glossary
    —
    Published
    CISA assessment (SSVC)
    Exploitation: none known · automatable · Technical impact: total
    Source: CISA Vulnrichment, as of 25 June 2026
    CWE

    CWE is a catalogue of typical weakness types in software and hardware — such as flawed input validation, unsafe memory handling or poor authentication. Where a CVE names a concrete vulnerability in a concrete product, a CWE describes the underlying class of defect.

    Read in glossary
    CWE-78, CWE-88

    Detection rules

    No NEOSEC detection rule is available for this vulnerability yet.

    Classification under NIS2 and CRA

    Rule-based classification from exploitation status and severity. It does not replace a case-by-case assessment.

    NIS2

    NIS2 is EU Directive (EU) 2022/2555 to raise the level of cybersecurity across the Union. It substantially broadens obligations compared with the first NIS directive: more sectors, mandatory risk management, staged reporting duties and personal accountability of senior management.

    Read in glossary
    High technical severity: assess and remediate the vulnerability in vulnerability handling under Art. 21(2)(e) NIS2 and document the decision.
    CRA

    The CRA is EU Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 setting horizontal cybersecurity requirements for „products with digital elements“ — from industrial controllers and software to connected consumer devices. For the first time manufacturers must ensure security across the entire product lifecycle, handle vulnerabilities and provide security updates.

    Read in glossary
    From 11.12.2027, Annex I Part II CRA requires manufacturers of affected products with digital elements to handle vulnerabilities without delay and provide security updates.
    ISO/IEC 27001

    ISO/IEC 27001 is the internationally leading standard for an information security management system (ISMS). It describes a risk-based, process-oriented framework to systematically plan, implement, review and improve information security.

    Read in glossary
    Control A.8.8, management of technical vulnerabilities: assess relevance to your systems, plan remediation and keep evidence.

    Description

    Cacti is an open source performance and fault management framework. Versions 1.2.30 and prior are vulnerable to Command Injection due to lack of sanitization in the escape_command() function. The escape_command() function at lib/rrd.php is a no-op: it returns $command unchanged. The command line built by rrdtool_function_graph() is passed through this function and then to shell_exec($full_commandline). The risk is in __rrd_execute() where text_format values from graph templates (which may contain host variable substitutions) reach shell_exec without adequate escaping. This issue has been addressed in version 1.2.31.

    Source: BSI WID Portal

    Affected products

    The following versions are affected. Older releases of the same product line are also vulnerable unless stated otherwise.

    Affected products
    Affected versionsFixed in
    Cacticacti
    • ≥ 1.2.27, < 1.2.31
    • < 1.2.31
    • —
    • 1.2.31
    NAVERbillboard.js
    • < 3.18.0
    • 3.18.0
    phpseclibphpseclib
    • ≥ 0.1.1, < 1.0.27
    • ≥ 0.1.1, < 1.0.28
    • 2.0.0 – < 2.0.52
    • 2.0.0 – < 2.0.53
    • 3.0.0 – < 3.0.50
    • 3.0.0 – < 3.0.51
    • < 1.0.27
    • —
    • —
    • 2.0.52
    • 2.0.53
    • 3.0.50
    • 3.0.51
    • 1.0.27
    cacticacti
    • < 1.2.31
    • 1.2.31
    naverbillboard.js
    • < 3.18.0
    • 3.18.0
    Open SourceCacti
    • < 1.2.31
    • 1.2.31
    npmbillboard.js
    • —
    • —

    Vendors and products

    Affected operating systems

    Affected operating systems
    Linuxdebianphp-phpseclibbookworm
    Linuxdebianphp-phpseclibbullseye
    Linuxdebianphp-phpseclibtrixie
    Linuxubuntuphp-phpseclibbionic
    Linuxubuntuphp-phpseclibfocal
    Linuxubuntuphp-phpseclibjammy
    Linuxubuntuphp-phpseclibnoble
    Linuxubuntuphp-phpseclibresolute
    Linuxubuntuphp-phpseclibxenial
    Linuxdebianphp-phpseclib3bookworm
    Linuxdebianphp-phpseclib3trixie
    Linuxdebianphpseclibbookworm
    Linuxdebianphpseclibbullseye
    Linuxdebianphpseclibtrixie

    Weakness classes (CWE)

    • CWE-78Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

      Base

      The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-78

    • CWE-88Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')

      Base

      The product constructs a string for a command to be executed by a separate component in another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the intended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-88

    References & sources

    • github.comCacti/cacti/security/advisories/GHSA-9jqv-4cpm-vm2cx_refsource_CONFIRM, Patch, Vendor advisory
    • github.comCacti/cacti/commit/136ae6ef0715e77bca69c0eb60781f5e17df0795x_refsource_MISC, Patch
    • github.comphpseclib/phpseclib/security/advisories/GHSA-r854-jrxh-36qxweb, x_refsource_CONFIRM, Vendor advisory
    • NVD (NIST)vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40194advisory
    • github.comphpseclib/phpseclib/commit/ffe48b6b1b1af6963327f0a5330e3aa004a1…web, x_refsource_MISC, Patch
    • github.comphpseclib/phpseclibpackage
    • github.comphpseclib/phpseclib/releases/tag/1.0.28web, x_refsource_MISC, Release notes
    • github.comphpseclib/phpseclib/releases/tag/2.0.53web, x_refsource_MISC, Release notes
    • github.comphpseclib/phpseclib/releases/tag/3.0.51web, x_refsource_MISC, Release notes
    • github.comCacti/cacti/security/advisories/GHSA-pr9x-34w8-4mf7x_refsource_CONFIRM, Patch, Vendor advisory
    • github.comCacti/cacti/pull/6899x_refsource_MISC, Issue tracking, Patch
    • github.comCacti/cacti/security/advisories/GHSA-gp82-qhrg-crv7x_refsource_CONFIRM, Vendor advisory
    • github.comCacti/cacti/commit/4c09efaebf3a9faec66969d0b5c4aceaf397f37fx_refsource_MISC, Patch
    • github.comCacti/cacti/security/advisories/GHSA-37jj-rx8x-4wf2x_refsource_CONFIRM
    • github.comCacti/cacti/pull/7163x_refsource_MISC
    • github.comCacti/cacti/security/advisories/GHSA-23g4-vf2j-94w4x_refsource_CONFIRM
    • github.comCacti/cacti/issues/7011x_refsource_MISC
    • github.comCacti/cacti/commit/d2a698854956e9e4e53da9eab5b5719ae40e6893x_refsource_MISC
    • github.comCacti/cacti/security/advisories/GHSA-pf37-v86f-5xwpx_refsource_CONFIRM, Vendor advisory
    • github.comCacti/cacti/security/advisories/GHSA-j9jv-6xjq-9hhjx_refsource_CONFIRM, Exploit, Mitigation, Vendor advisory

    Linked CVEs

    Linked CVEs
    MediumCVE-2026-46531Cacti: SQL Injection5.5—
    Not ratedCVE-2026-44481open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    Not ratedCVE-2026-41884open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    HighCVE-2026-40941Cacti: Package Import Signature Validation Bypass Allows Self-Signed Packages6.5—
    LowCVE-2026-40194phpseclib: Observable Timing Discrepancy3.7—
    MediumCVE-2026-40084Cacti: Arbitrary File Read via Path Traversal in Report `format_file` Parameter6.5—
    HighCVE-2026-40083Cacti: SQL Injection in managers.php7.2—
    MediumCVE-2026-40082Cacti: Session Fixation via missing session_regenerate_id() after login5.4—
    Not ratedCVE-2026-40081open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    MediumCVE-2026-40080Cacti: Open Redirect via HTTP_REFERER substring check in auth_login_redirect6.1—
    CriticalCVE-2026-40079Cacti: Command Injection via escape_command() no-op in RRDtool execution9.8—
    Not ratedCVE-2026-40078open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    CriticalCVE-2026-39955Cacti has Pre-Authentication SQL Injection via unanchored FILTER_VALIDATE_REGEXP in graph_view.php9.8—
    Not ratedCVE-2026-39952open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    HighCVE-2026-39951Cacti: Stored SQL Injection via graph_name_regexp in Reports feature8.8—
    Not ratedCVE-2026-39950open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    Not ratedCVE-2026-39949open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    CriticalCVE-2026-39948Cacti has SQL Injection via rfilter parameter in RLIKE clauses9.8—
    Not ratedCVE-2026-39947open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    Not ratedCVE-2026-39939open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    CriticalCVE-2026-39938Cacti: Unauthenticated RCE on Graph Image9.8—
    HighCVE-2026-39902Cacti: Authenticated RCE on Data Input7.2—
    MediumCVE-2026-39900Cacti: Reflected XSS via tab parameter in auth_profile.php JavaScript context6.1—
    MediumCVE-2026-39899Cacti: Path Traversal via filename parameter in package_import.php5.3—
    Show 9 more CVEs
    Linked CVEs
    Not ratedCVE-2026-39898open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    MediumCVE-2026-39897Cacti has a Reflected XSS Vulnerability via html_auth_footer6.1—
    Not ratedCVE-2026-39896open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    Not ratedCVE-2026-39895open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    LowCVE-2026-39894Cacti: RRDtool metric shift via LC_NUMERIC locale comma decimal formatting2.9—
    CriticalCVE-2026-39893Cacti: Pre-authentication SQL injection via rfilter RLIKE clause in graph_view.php9.8—
    HighCVE-2026-32935phpseclib's AES-CBC unpadding susceptible to padding oracle timing attack5.9—
    Not ratedCVE-2026-22802open source Cacti: security vulnerability——
    MediumCVE-2026-1513NAVER Billboard.js: Cross-site Scripting6.1—
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    Badge preview for CVE-2026-40079
    <a href="https://intel.neosec.eu/en/cve/CVE-2026-40079"><img src="https://intel.neosec.eu/badge/cve/CVE-2026-40079.svg?lang=en" alt="CVE-2026-40079 – NEOSEC Intel" height="20"></a>