MediumCVE-2026-40175

    Axios has Unrestricted Cloud Metadata Exfiltration via Header Injection Chain (CVE-2026-40175)

    Published Last modified Sources: SingCERT, BSI, Red Hat, OSV, Msrc Update Guide, CVE.org, Siemens ProductCERT, Ubuntu, EUVD

    What is affected, what to do

    A flaw was found in Axios, a promise-based HTTP client. This vulnerability, known as Prototype Pollution, can be exploited through a specific "Gadget" attack chain.

    Update Axios to version 0.31.0.

    Affected
    • Axios gte 1.0.0, < 1.15.0..*
    • Axios lt *..0.31.0
    Fixed in
    • Axios 0.31.0

    Not sure whether and how you are affected? Ask a question about this vulnerability

    Metrics

    4.8

    Priority

    XIEM Effective CVSS: highest available CVSS rating from NVD and vendor data.

    Source: NVD, CVSS v3

    4.8

    CVSS v3

    Severity Medium on the scale from 0 to 10.

    Source: SingCERT, BSI, Red Hat, OSV, Msrc Update Guide, CVE.org, Siemens ProductCERT, Ubuntu, EUVD

    2.0 %

    EPSS score

    Moderate — model estimates 1-10% exploitation likelihood.

    Source: FIRST EPSS, percentile 80.1

    Show all metrics
    Severity
    Medium
    Priority (0–325)

    The priority score is a consolidated metric that condenses several individual signals into a single, action-guiding ranking: technical severity (CVSS), exploitation likelihood (EPSS), known-exploited status (KEV) and the context of the affected asset. The aim is to answer the only truly important question in vulnerability management: what first?

    Read in glossary
    91.47 Methodology
    Exploit maturity

    An exploit is code or a technique that specifically uses a concrete vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — such as executing code or escalating privileges. It is the tool that turns a theoretical flaw into a practical attack.

    Read in glossary
    no public PoC known
    XIEM Effective CVSS

    XIEM® is the tiered managed-security operating model from NEOSEC and a registered trademark of NEOSEC GmbH. It extends classic SIEM — the central collection, normalisation and correlation of security-relevant events — with endpoint forensics, network visibility and deception technology, and consolidates them into three building tiers: Sentry, Orchestrate and Command.

    Read in glossary
    4.8 Methodology
    CVSS v3

    CVSS is the globally established, open standard for assessing the technical severity of a vulnerability on a scale from 0 to 10. It describes how easily a flaw can be exploited and what damage it can cause — but not how likely its actual exploitation is. CVSS and the complementary EPSS deliberately answer different questions.

    Read in glossary
    4.8
    EPSS score

    The EPSS score is the absolute model output for an individual vulnerability: the estimated probability of real-world exploitation within the next 30 days, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (i.e. 0 % to 100 %). A score of 0.42 means „the model estimates a 42 % chance of real-world exploitation within 30 days“.

    Read in glossary
    2.0 %
    Moderate — model estimates 1-10% exploitation likelihood.
    EPSS percentile

    The EPSS percentile is the relative position of a vulnerability within all EPSS-scored CVEs, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A percentile of 0.90 means „this CVE has a higher EPSS score than 90 % of all other scored CVEs“. Unlike the EPSS score, it is not a probability — but a positioning within a ranking.

    Read in glossary
    80.1
    Critical — this CVE ranks in the top fifth of all CVEs scored today (rank ≥ 80%).
    KEV status

    The KEV catalogue is a list maintained by the US authority CISA of vulnerabilities for which active exploitation in the wild has been confirmed. It answers not the question „how severe?“ but „is it already being attacked?“ — thereby sharply prioritising patching.

    Read in glossary
    —
    Published
    CWE

    CWE is a catalogue of typical weakness types in software and hardware — such as flawed input validation, unsafe memory handling or poor authentication. Where a CVE names a concrete vulnerability in a concrete product, a CWE describes the underlying class of defect.

    Read in glossary
    CWE-113, CWE-444, CWE-918

    Detection rules

    No NEOSEC detection rule is available for this vulnerability yet.

    Classification under NIS2 and CRA

    Rule-based classification from exploitation status and severity. It does not replace a case-by-case assessment.

    NIS2

    NIS2 is EU Directive (EU) 2022/2555 to raise the level of cybersecurity across the Union. It substantially broadens obligations compared with the first NIS directive: more sectors, mandatory risk management, staged reporting duties and personal accountability of senior management.

    Read in glossary
    Handle the vulnerability in regular vulnerability handling under Art. 21(2)(e) NIS2.
    CRA

    The CRA is EU Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 setting horizontal cybersecurity requirements for „products with digital elements“ — from industrial controllers and software to connected consumer devices. For the first time manufacturers must ensure security across the entire product lifecycle, handle vulnerabilities and provide security updates.

    Read in glossary
    From 11.12.2027, Annex I Part II CRA requires manufacturers of affected products with digital elements to handle vulnerabilities without delay and provide security updates.
    ISO/IEC 27001

    ISO/IEC 27001 is the internationally leading standard for an information security management system (ISMS). It describes a risk-based, process-oriented framework to systematically plan, implement, review and improve information security.

    Read in glossary
    Control A.8.8, management of technical vulnerabilities: assess relevance to your systems, plan remediation and keep evidence.

    Description

    A flaw was found in Axios, a promise-based HTTP client. This vulnerability, known as Prototype Pollution, can be exploited through a specific "Gadget" attack chain. This allows an attacker to escalate a Prototype Pollution vulnerability in a third-party dependency, potentially leading to remote code execution or a full cloud compromise, such as bypassing AWS IMDSv2.

    Source: CSA/SingCERT, BSI WID Portal, BSI CSAF, redhat_csaf, OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities), Microsoft Security Update Guide, cvelistv5, NVD (NIST), siemens_advisory, Ubuntu Security Notices, CVE.org (MITRE), ENISA EUVD

    Affected products

    The following versions are affected. Older releases of the same product line are also vulnerable unless stated otherwise.

    Affected products
    Affected versionsFixed in
    axiosaxios
    • < 0.31.0
    • ≥ 1.0.0, < 1.15.0
    • 1.0.0 – < 1.15.0
    • < 0.31.0
    • 0.31.0
    • —
    • 1.15.0
    • 0.31.0
    IBMConcert
    • < 3.0.0
    • 3.0.0
    npmaxios
    • —
    • 1.0.0
    • —
    • —

    Vendors and products

    Weakness classes (CWE)

    • CWE-113Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting')

      Variant

      The product receives data from an HTTP agent/component (e.g., web server, proxy, browser, etc.), but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes CR and LF characters before the data is included in outgoing HTTP headers.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-113

    • CWE-444Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')

      Base

      The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-444

    • CWE-918Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

      Base

      The web server receives a URL or similar request from an upstream component and retrieves the contents of this URL, but it does not sufficiently ensure that the request is being sent to the expected destination.

      Entry at MITRE CWE-918

    References & sources

    Changes to this CVE

    Who changed this CVE and when: NVD (analysis, affected products, CVSS), the CVE publisher (CNA) and additional providers such as CISA (ADP).

    1. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)added
      —
      Affected value modified. <a href="https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/blob/main/cves/2026/40xxx/CVE-2026-40175.json">CVE-2026-40175</a>

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    2. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)added
      —
      Affected value modified. <a href="https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/blob/main/cves/2026/40xxx/CVE-2026-40175.json">CVE-2026-40175</a>

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    3. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+111)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+111)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    4. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+111)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+111)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    5. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+111)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+111)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    Show 13 older changes

    1. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+111)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+111)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    2. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    3. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    4. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      CVSS V3.1: AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

      CVSS V3.1: before AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H, after —

      Show 2 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      CVSSadded
      —
      AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
      CVSSremoved
      AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
      —

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    5. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    6. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    7. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    8. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    9. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    10. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    11. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    12. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      1 individual change: Affected versions (publisher)

      Show the original change
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+103)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Streams for Apache Kafka 3.2.0, multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 (+103)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

    13. Record modifiedRed Hat ADP

      Show 2 original changes
      Individual changes of this event as published by NVD
      TypeActionBeforeAfter
      Referenceadded
      —
      https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:36882
      Affected versions (publisher)changed
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Network Observability (NETOBSERV) 1.11.2, Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.15 (+52)
      Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9, Network Observability (NETOBSERV) 1.11.2, Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.14 (+53)

      Source identifier: 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c

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